Physical training intervention on the functional status of taekwondo athletes / Intervenção de treinamento físico no status funcional dos atletas de taekwondo / Intervención del entrenamiento físico en el estado funcional de los atletas de taekwondo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taekwondo is a fighting and confrontational game that requires exceptionally high physical and psychological qualities from athletes. It has higher requirements on the athlete's explosive power, coordination ability, spatial perception, and psychosocial quality. Any slight body changes in an athlete can destabilize the nervous system and cause changes in the immune system. These changes can increase the risk factor during training and competition. Objective: Monitor the physical function of taekwondo athletes. Methods: This paper discusses the essential role of biochemical indicators in taekwondo training. At the same time, it explores the relationship between physical function and the training effect of taekwondo athletes. Taekwondo athletes underwent a one-year training program. The program monitored and recorded the athletes' biochemical parameters during training. The relationship between the training program formulation and the biochemical indicators of taekwondo athletes was analyzed. Results: The overall average level of nitrogen and urea in the blood was significantly higher than that of the setting phase after a large amount of exercise (P<0.05). Changes in blood urea after the routine were relatively stable (P>0.05). Most participants demonstrated hemoglobin in the normal range and reached its upper limit after winter training. Conclusion: The quality of the biochemical indicators of the athlete directly affects his performance. Sanguine nitrogen and hemoglobin are the main biochemical indicators for monitoring Taekwondo athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O Taekwondo é um jogo de luta e confronto que requer qualidades físicas e psicológicas excepcionalmente elevadas dos atletas. Ele tem requisitos mais altos sobre o poder explosivo do atleta, capacidade de coordenação, percepção espacial e qualidade psicossocial. Qualquer leve alteração corporal de um atleta pode desestabilizar o sistema nervoso e causar alterações no sistema imunológico. Estas mudanças podem aumentar o fator de risco durante o treinamento e a competição. Objetivo: Monitorar a função física dos atletas de taekwondo. Métodos: Este documento discute o papel essencial dos indicadores bioquímicos no treinamento de taekwondo. Ao mesmo tempo, explora a relação entre a função física e o efeito do treinamento dos atletas de taekwondo. Atletas de taekwondo foram submetidos a um programa de treinamento de um ano. O programa monitorou e registrou os parâmetros bioquímicos dos atletas durante o treinamento. Analisou-se a relação entre a formulação dos programas de treinamento e os indicadores bioquímicos dos atletas de taekwondo. Resultados: O nível médio geral de nitrogênio e ureia no sangue foi significativamente maior do que o da fase de ajuste após uma grande quantidade de exercício (P<0,05). As variações na ureia sanguínea após a rotina foram relativamente estáveis (P>0,05). A maioria dos participantes demonstrou hemoglobina na faixa normal e atingiu o seu limite superior após o treinamento de inverno. Conclusão: A qualidade dos indicadores bioquímicos do atleta afeta diretamente o seu desempenho. O nitrogênio e a hemoglobina sanguíneos podem ser usados como os principais indicadores bioquímicos para monitorar os atletas de Taekwondo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El taekwondo es un juego de lucha y enfrentamiento que exige a los deportistas unas cualidades físicas y psicológicas excepcionalmente altas. Tiene mayores exigencias en cuanto a la potencia explosiva, la capacidad de coordinación, la percepción espacial y la calidad psicosocial del atleta. Cualquier pequeño cambio corporal en un deportista puede desestabilizar el sistema nervioso y provocar cambios en el sistema inmunitario. Estos cambios pueden aumentar el factor de riesgo durante el entrenamiento y la competición. Objetivo: controlar la función física de los atletas de taekwondo. Métodos: Este artículo analiza el papel esencial de los indicadores bioquímicos en el entrenamiento de taekwondo. Al mismo tiempo, explora la relación entre la función física y el efecto del entrenamiento de los atletas de taekwondo. Los atletas de taekwondo se sometieron a un programa de entrenamiento de un año. El programa controló y registró los parámetros bioquímicos de los atletas durante el entrenamiento. Se analizó la relación entre la formulación de los programas de entrenamiento y los indicadores bioquímicos de los atletas de taekwondo. Resultados: El nivel medio global de nitrógeno y urea en sangre fue significativamente mayor que el de la fase de ajuste después de una gran cantidad de ejercicio (P<0,05). Los cambios en la urea en sangre después de la rutina fueron relativamente estables (P>0,05). La mayoría de los participantes mostraron una hemoglobina en el rango normal y alcanzaron su límite superior después del entrenamiento invernal. Conclusión: La calidad de los indicadores bioquímicos del deportista afecta directamente a su rendimiento. El nitrógeno sanguíneo y la hemoglobina pueden utilizarse como principales indicadores bioquímicos para el seguimiento de los atletas de taekwondo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Development of phosphate rock integrated with iron amendment for simultaneous immobilization of Zn and Cr(VI) in an electroplating contaminated soil.

This study aims to develop an amendment for simultaneous immobilization of Zn and Cr(VI) in an abandoned electroplating contaminated soil. Nature phosphate rock was first activated with oxalic acid (O-PR) and then combined with FeSO4 or zero-valent iron (ZVI) for immobilization of Zn and Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. Finally, the optimized approach showing the highest immobilization ability in solution was applied in an electroplating contaminated soil. The O-PR combined with FeSO4 was more effective in simultaneously removing Zn and Cr(VI) than the O-PR integrated with ZVI within the tested solution pH range of 5.5-8.5. Both O-PR with FeSO4 and with ZVI removed over 95% of Zn from the solution; however, only 42-46% of Cr(VI) was immobilized by O-PR with ZVI, while O-PR with FeSO4 almost precipitated all Cr(VI). Moreover, there were 75-95% Zn and 95-100% Cr(VI) remaining in the exhausted O-PR with FeSO4 solid after toxicity characteristic leaching test (TCLP) while the exhausted O-PR with ZVI solid only retained 44-83% Zn and 32-72% Cr(VI). Zinc was immobilized mainly via formation of insoluble Fe-Zn phosphate co-precipitates, while iron-induced reduction of Cr(VI) into stable Cr(OH)3 or CrxFe(1-x)(OH)3 was responsible for Cr(VI) immobilization. Application of the O-PR integrated with FeSO4 in the electroplating contaminated soil rapidly reduced the TCLP extractable Zn and Cr(VI) to below the standard limits, with decrease by 50% and 94%, respectively. This study revealed that combination of oxalic acid activated phosphate rock with FeSO4 could be an effective amendment for remediation of Zn and Cr(VI) contaminated soil.

Effects of mineral additives on biochar formation: carbon retention, stability, and properties.

Biochar is being recognized as a promising tool for long-term carbon sequestration, and biochar with high carbon retention and strong stability is supposed to be explored for that purpose. In this study, three minerals, including kaolin, calcite (CaCO3), and calcium dihydrogen phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2], were added to rice straw feedstock at the ratio of 20% (w/w) for biochar formation through pyrolysis treatment, aiming to improve carbon retention and stabilization in biochar. Kaolin and CaCO3 had little effect on the carbon retention, whereas Ca(H2PO4)2 increased the carbon retention by up to 29% compared to untreated biochar. Although the carbon loss from the kaolin-modified biochar with hydrogen peroxide oxidation was enhanced, CaCO3 and Ca(H2PO4)2 modification reduced the carbon loss by 18.6 and 58.5%, respectively. Moreover, all three minerals reduced carbon loss of biochar with potassium dichromate oxidation from 0.3 to 38.8%. The microbial mineralization as CO2 emission in all three modified biochars was reduced by 22.2-88.7% under aerobic incubation and 5-61% under anaerobic incubation. Enhanced carbon retention and stability of biochar with mineral treatment might be caused by the enhanced formation of aromatic C, which was evidenced by cross-polarization magic angle spinning (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Our results indicated that the three minerals, especially Ca(H2PO4)2, were effective in increasing carbon retention and strengthening biochar stabilization, which provided a novel idea that people could explore and produce the designated biochar with high carbon sequestration capacity and stability.